Glossary

The pursuit of the reduction and mitigation of unsafe acts within the health care system, as well as the use of best practices shown to lead to optimal patient outcomes.

Samples of prescription medications are often provided by pharmaceutical companies to specific authorized healthcare providers free of charge. According to the Food and Drug Act, drug samples can be distributed to physicians, nurse practitioners^[1], pharmacists, dentists and veterinarians under certain conditions. These authorized prescribers can then provide drug samples to clients when needed. Graduate nurses and registered nurses can distribute drug samples only under an authorized prescriber’s order or care directive. Employer policies pertaining to the distribution of drug samples should address their procurement, storage, access, distribution/supplying and proper disposal.

Food and Drug Regulations includes nurse practitioners as a “practitioner” to whom drug samples may be distributed (Government of Canada, 2020). Please refer to following link: http://www.gazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2020/2020-04-29/html/sor-dors74-eng.html.

A college or university that educates nurses (RN or NP) in NB. For the purposes of CNNB’s program approval process, approval of an entry-level nursing education program will be conferred at the school or degree-granting institution level.

The scope of employment for a nurse is set by individual organizations and can be described in a job description or policy and procedure manual.

Activities that nurses are educated and authorized to perform, as set out in legislation and described by standards, limits, and conditions set by regulators.

An educational program with established admission criteria granting second-level entry to individuals who satisfy pre-determined university prerequisites. Students adhere to a structured but condensed program designed to support them in meeting the educational requirements that satisfy CNNB’s ETP competencies for RNs. The curriculum is set by the educational provider. The duration of study is shorter compared with the DEF, with a duration of 2 years. Upon completion of the SLEC, the successful student is granted a Bachelor of Nursing degree (BN).

Refers to nurses operating their own economic enterprise to provide nursing services.

Relates to tasks and skills that an individual must undertake to live well and include gaining confidence to deal with medical management as well as role and emotional management by the individual.

The ability to evaluate one’s own thoughts, plans and actions in relation to ethical responsibilities and ethical guidelines.

In general, there are two ways a profession can be regulated: one is by the profession itself which is self‐regulation and the other is directly by government. Self‐ regulation recognizes that the nursing profession is best qualified to determine the standards for nursing education and practice which are required to ensure the public receives safe, competent, compassionate and ethical care. CNNB receives its regulatory authority from the New Brunswick government through the Nurses Act.

Form of professional misconduct and means: sexual intercourse or other forms of physical sexual relations between the nurse and the client; or touching, of a sexual nature, of the client by the nurse; or behaviour or remarks of a sexual nature by the nurse towards the client.

The physical location where the entry-level nursing education program is delivered.

 Refers to the number, educational preparation of nurses or level of nurses, and their experience working in a clinical setting.

An acronym for a goal that is Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant and Time-limited.

Encompasses a specific group of social and economic factors within the broader determinants of health. These relate to an individual's place in society, such as income, education or employment. Experiences of discrimination, racism and historical trauma are important social determinants of health for certain groups such as Indigenous Peoples, LGBTQ and Black Canadians.

The fair distribution of society’s benefits and responsibilities and their consequences. It focuses on the relative position of one social grouping in relation to others in society as well as in root causes of disparities and what can be done to eliminate them. Social justice is concerned with achieving health equity, where “nurses are urged, through individual and collective actions, to contribute to reducing health inequities through action on primary health care, health promotion, social determinants of health, socio-economic and political factors, global health, environmental health, and universal health care”

Community-based online communication tools (websites and applications) used for interaction, content sharing, and collaboration. Types of social media include blogs (personal, professional, or anonymous), discussion forums, message boards, social networking sites, and content sharing websites.

There are three program approval standards based on a logic model: structure, curriculum and outcomes. The standards are the bases for measuring and approving the performance of an entry-level nursing education program.

Establish the regulatory and professional foundation for nursing practice. These standards establish for all nurses, the public, government and other external collaborators the expected level of performance of a nurse. Relates to the written standards of practice approved by the CNNB Board, and other standards of practice inherent in the nursing profession.

Negative, unfounded attitudes or beliefs (i.e., prejudice) towards an individual based on their actual or perceived membership.

A philosophy and method of care that prioritizes the existing strengths, skills, knowledge, values, and cultural resources of individuals, families, and communities. Rather than focusing on problems, deficits, or diagnoses, this approach recognizes people as resourceful and capable of growth, healing, and self-determination.

Political, social and economic structures and institutions where a dominant group is established, and its power is reinforced through inequitable laws, policies, rules and regulations, and access to resources.

 The systemic and deeply embedded social, economic, and political disadvantages that are produced and maintained through laws, policies, institutional practices, and cultural norms. These inequities result in unequal access to resources, opportunities, and outcomes for certain populations, often based on race, ethnicity, Indigeneity, gender, socioeconomic status, immigration status, and other intersecting identities.

Vast and deep injustices that some groups suffer due to embedded and unquestioned norms and processes in everyday life. These norms and processes are seen within societal level conditions, cultural norms, and institutional policies that constrain access to opportunities, resources, and the well-being of certain groups.

A capable person with the legal authority to make health-care treatment or withdrawal of treatment decisions on behalf of an incapable person.

Involves initial direction, periodic inspection and corrective action when needed.

A methodological process used to collect data

One part of client care which has clearly defined limits.

Providing instruction for a task where the goal is to determine that the person receiving instruction is competent to perform the task.

The therapeutic nurse-client relationship is a planned, time-limited and goal-directed connection between a registered nurse and a client and his significant others, for the purpose of meeting the client’s health care needs. Regardless of the context or length of the interaction, the therapeutic nurse-client relationship protects the patient’s dignity, autonomy and privacy and allows for the development of trust and respect.

Any treatment based on clinical judgement and knowledge which a nurse performs to enhance client outcomes.

A relationship the nurse establishes and maintains with a client, through the use of professional knowledge, skills and attitudes, in order to provide nursing care that is expected to contribute to the client’s well-being.

(with respect to a response or action) Occurring within a timeframe required to achieve safe, effective and positive client outcomes.

Trauma- and violence-informed care (TVIC) creates emotionally, culturally, and physically safe services by understanding the experiences of trauma and their impacts on people’s lives and behaviors. TVIC accounts for the intersecting impacts of systemic and interpersonal violence and the structural inequities on a person’s life, emphasizing both historical and ongoing violence and its traumatic impacts. Key principles include fostering trust by offering authentic choice, collaboration, and connection; providing strengths-based and capacity-building care to support clients; and creating environments where clients do not experience re-traumatization or harm.

A treaty is an agreement made between the Government of Canada, Indigenous groups, and often provinces and/or territories that define ongoing rights and obligations on all sides. A treaty is intended to provide a framework for living together and sharing the land Indigenous Peoples traditionally lived upon. Treaties provide foundations for ongoing co-operation and partnership moving forward together to advance reconciliation.

A person who may be an ally or may identify as someone from an equity-deserving group and believes in justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion. A trusted colleague is willing to support initiatives that can foster diverse and/or inclusive environments.

Paid health care providers who are neither licensed nor registered by a regulatory authority.

A rational conception of the desirable; a standard or quality that is esteemed, desired, and considered important. Values are expressed by behaviors or standards that a person endorses or tries to maintain. Values are typically organized into a hierarchic system of importance to the individual.

Methods used to communicate verbal orders are via telephone, spoken face-to-face or voicemail.

Includes any abuse of power, manipulation or control by one person over another that could result in mental, emotional, social or physical harm. Two descriptors of types of violence are interpersonal violence and structural violence. The former is a matter of person-to-person or person-group violence, while the latter is about systematic ways that social structures, organizations and institutions harm or marginalize people.

Virtual care refers to any interaction between client and/or members of their circle of care, occurring remotely, using any form of communication or information technology, with the aim of facilitating or maximizing the quality and effectiveness of client care. Virtual care technologies are those forms of technology that allows ‘virtual’ interactions with health care professionals to occur in real time, from virtually any location. Services provided using virtual care technologies range from simple to complex. Examples of simple technologies may include telephone, text, messenger, or email, etc. Examples of complex technologies may include, but are not limited to, live, two-way audio/video conferencing or virtual visits, teleradiology, telerobotics, remote control surgical instrumentation.

Groups in society who are systematically disadvantaged in a way that leads to a risk of emotional or physical harm; in health care, harms are related to diminished health and well-being.

Indicates the vast variety of knowledge that exists across diverse Indigenous communities and signals that learning goes beyond human interaction and relationships to include learning from other elements of creation such as the plant and animal nations, and to "objects" that many people consider to be inanimate.

A person’s state of being well, content and able to make the most of their abilities.

Reporting the unethical or unsafe practice of a nursing colleague or other health-care professional for such things as errors, incompetence, negligence or patient abuse. This action would be resorted to only after a person has unsuccessfully used all appropriate organizational channels to right a wrong and has a sound moral justification for taking this action.

Honoring the refusal of treatments that a patient does not desire, that are disproportionately burdensome to the patient, or that will not benefit the patient, is ethically and legally permissible. Within this context, withholding or withdrawing life- sustaining therapies or risking the hastening of death through treatments aimed at alleviated suffering and/or controlling symptoms are ethically acceptable and do not constitute euthanasia. There is no ethical or legal distinction between withholding or withdrawing treatments, though the latter may create more emotional distress for the RN, NP and others involved.

Includes behaviours such as verbal abuse or threats of harm, continual criticism, demeaning remarks, intimidation and undermining, as well as more subtle behaviours such as refusing to cooperate, being unavailable to give assistance, hampering another’s performance and making their work difficult. Workplace bullying is the term now used for what was previously described as horizontal or lateral violence, which placed responsibility only on individuals and excluded the responsibility of organizations.